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Siti Athirah Ramli Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Wan Zuraida Wan Kamis Department of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Nur Alwani Ali Bashah Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Vicinisvarri Inderan Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Norain Isa Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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| Abstract | |
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Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is an environmentally friendly fuel that is an alternative to diesel fuel. In this study, mixed oxides catalysts of Mn-Al were synthesiszed via the sol-gel method at various metal ratios and used in the transesterification of cooking palm oil (CPO) to produce FAME. The reactions were conducted in a batch reactor at a temperature of 55 °C, with a reaction time of 3 h and a catalyst loading of 2.5 wt%. The effects of Mn:Al metal weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 0:1, and 1:0 were investigated based on the FAME density obtained from the reaction. The thermal stability and the presence of surface functional groups were investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The results show that the Mn-Al catalyst prepared at 1:2 metal weight ratio and calcined at 500 °C for 2 h obtained a FAME density of 862 kg/m3, which is the closest to standard palm oil biodiesel density. The catalysts with different metal ratios contained similar active surface functional groups. The TGA analysis of the Mn-Al metal ratio 1:2 showeds no significant weight loss observed after 300 °C, indicating good thermal stability. The findings indicate that Mn-Al mixed oxides have the potential as heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification of CPO to produce FAME. |
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| Keyword: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Catalyst, Metal Oxides, Palm Oil, Fatty Acid Methyl Ester | |
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DOI: 10.24191/esteem.v21iMarch.5024.g 3038 |
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Transesterification of Cooking Palm Oil via Mn-Al Mixed Oxides Catalysts: Effects of Metal Ratio
